Virginia Family Law: What is Sole Custody?

In Virginia custody cases, there are two types of custody: physical custody and legal custody. There are three different subcategories: sole, split and joint custody. Many people come to my office asking for “full custody” or “sole custody.” It is important to understand what that word means and the situations in which the Court will consider giving sole or full custody.

So what is sole custody, and how does it work?

What is Sole or Full Custody?

Sole legal custody means one parent makes all the legal decisions for the child. Where they go to school, what doctor they go to, what surgeries they have, and what church they go to. Being a sole legal custodian means you do not have to consult with the other parent to make these decisions. The Court rarely grants sole legal custody.

Sole physical custody means that one parent is the one that has most of the parenting time with the child. The other parent has less than ninety (90) overnights with the child.

When Will the Court Award Sole or Full Custody?

The Court will consider sole legal custody when one parent has a history of not being able to making rational decisions for the child. Maybe they have a substantial history of mental health issues or substance abuse issues. If they are unable to be involved in making decisions the Court will not let them. Alternatively, if the parent has historically not been involved at all and has showed no inclination to be involved, the Court may also restrict that parent’s legal custody.

The Court will consider sole physical custodoy when the other parent is unable to provide for the needs for the child. For example, if they work night shift and cannot get the child on the bus. Or maybe they live several hundred miles away and cannot be involved in the day to day needs of the child. Those are the situations in which a Court will consider sole physical custody.

Why You Need a Custody Lawyer.

A custody lawyer will be familiar with the types of cases that your local judges will consider appropriate for sole or full custody. Not at all cases are eligible for sole or full custody, so it is important to talk to an experienced, local attorney to explore what might help in your case.

Virginia Family Law: What is Joint Custody?

In Virginia there are many different types of custody arrangements available for Juvenile Court judges to meet the needs of children. One of those types of custody arrangements is “joint custody.” Many clients say that they want joint custody. However, not all of them understand what it means to be a joint custodian or what you have to prove to the Court to be awarded joint custody. So what is joint custody, and what does the Court look for?

What is Joint Physical Custody?

The first type of custody is known as physical custody. Physical custody is primarily where the children reside. If two parents have joint physical custody, it means that they are equally sharing parenting time with the children.

The two most common schedules used in joint physical custody arrangements are week on/week off arrangements and week-day splits (3-2-2-3 or 5-2-2-5). The Court is essentially dividing all the time in half.

What is Joint Legal Custody?

Legal custody is who makes decisions about where the child goes to school, who their doctor is, and what church they go to. Joint legal custody means both parents have equal say, and one parent cannot make major life decisions without consulting with the other parent. Unfortunately, many parents who get joint legal custody do not properly consult with their ex, often resulting in major conflicts in court.

How Do You Get Joint Physical Custody?

In order to have joint physical custody, you need to convince the Court that you are able to provide for the children. For example, you must be available to drop the children off at school, pick them up, and take them to appointments. You also have to have a track record of being involved in doctor appointments or therapy sessions.

The Court will not give an absent parent joint physical custody, because they do not have the track record to make it work. Nor will they give someone with night shifts joint physical custody, because you are not available to take care of the children.

Preparing to ask for joint physical custody means reaching out to the school and the doctors and being actively involved.

How Do You Get Joint Legal Custody?

Courts routinely grant parents joint legal custody. Both parents have a say in raising their children. Courts start at joint legal custody, and only revoke that if one parent has a bad track record of making bad decisions.

You Need a Custody Lawyer.

If you are interested in joint custody or the other side is pushing for it, it is important to hire someone who knows what judges are looking for. They can help present the case and get the best result for your child.

Virginia Divorce Law: Types of Retirement Accounts

If you are going through a divorce case and have retirement accounts of any kind, it is important to know how those retirement accounts will be treated by the Court and common strategies for minimizing the impact on your retirement plans. Retirement accounts come in many different types. Retirement accounts can also be different depending on if you are a government worker or private sector.

So what are the most common types of retirement accounts, and how are they treated by the divorce court?

How Are Defined Contribution Plans Divided in a Divorce?

A defined contribution plan is a type of retirement account that you put money into over the course of your employment. That money is held until retirement age or a number of specific factors are met. There are many different types of defined contribution plans including 403(b) accounts, 401(k) accounts, SEP accounts, VRS accounts and TSP accounts.

Defined contribution plans may even have a match system depending on the employer. If you put so much of your paycheck into a defined contribution plan, your employer may have a matching policy.

Once you put those funds into a defined contribution plan, they get invested by a plan administrator in various types of assets. The type of plan you have will dictate the types of investments available. Different types of defined contribution plans have different rates of return and different tax advantages.

In a divorce case, the Court will look to see how much was contributed to the plan during the marriage. The Court will then divide this “marital share” and add any gains or losses that have happened since the separation based upon the market performance. These gains and losses are only based upon the contributions made during the marriage.

How Are Defined Benefit Plans Divided in a Divorce?

Although they are becomming more rare, many different types of employers are still offering these plans. These are essentially pension plans. Depending on how long you work for your employer, you may be entitled to monthly payments after you retire.

In the private sector, union jobs are largely the only remaining fields that have defined benefit plans. Government workers may still have defined benefit plans in the form of a FERS account.

In a divorce case, Virginia judges will typically use a formula to determine how these pensions will be divided:

PRESENT VALUE X (TIME WORKED DURING MARRIAGE/TOTAL TIME WORKED)

The best way to understand how this calculation works is to contact your plan adminstrator. They can potentially calculate the monthly benefits.

How Can a Divorce Lawyer Can Protect Your Retirement?

There are two very helpful type of people to have on your side if you are planning for retirement and divorce. You should have both a CPA and a divorce lawyer walk you through the types of retirement accounts available, their tax advantages, and whether it is a good idea to diversify your retirement. Even if you are not coontemplating a divorce, make sure to contact your CPA to understand your retirement plan and how to plan for the future.

Virginia Family Law: How to File to Modify Visitation

Do you have a custody or visitation order that is sveral years old? Maybe you are the non-custodial parent and the other parent has threatened to move out of state. How do you get in front of the judge to make sure your rights are protected?

What are the Required Forms to Change Custody or Visitation?

In order to change a custody or visitation order, there are a few forms that you will need to fill out with the juvenile and domestic relations court. These forms are:

• Motion to Modify : This document notifies the Court about which portion of the order you are wanting to change and what you want the new language to include. For example, if you are looking to change the visitation schedule you would identify the current schedule and the schedule you are seeking. You must also identify why you are looking to change custody or visitation.

• Service Member Relief Affidavit: This document is required to confirm whether the other parent is a member of the armed forces. If they are, that may delay your case if they are on active duty. It is a required document for the Court.

• UCCJEA Affidavit: This document notifies the Court of all the places the children have lived over the last five years. The raeson for the form is to make sure you have chosen the right Court to file the paperwork in.

• Motion to Enjoin: This document notifies the Court that you are trying to stop another parent from moving out of the area with the children.

• Motion to Expedite: This document notifies the Court if there is an emergency that needs to be taken care of if the children are not safe.

There may be other forms required depending on what you are trying to accomplish.

How a Family Lawyer Can Help

These forms can be complicated to fill out. If you file them improperly it can result in your case being delayed or the Court not taking your request seriously. Makre sure you hire a local attorney to help you prepare the paperwork properly.

Virginia Divorce Law: Types of Divorce Lawyers

If you are interested in hiring an attorney to represent you in your divorce case or you are going up against an another lawyer without help, it is important to know what kinds of divorce lawyers there are. The different types of divorce lawyers may have an impact on how you should handle your case.

Attorneys are people and we all come with our own personalities and trial strategies. So what are the most common types of divorce lawyers and what should you be aware of when looking for your own, and does any one type of lawyer win out?

Divorce Lawyer One: The Bull Dog/Pit Bull

This is the most common view that people have of divorce lawyers. These lawyers spend most of their time posturing and engage in aggressive litigation tactics. Commonly, a bull dog/pit bull lawyer will be confrontational in their strategy. They are also more willing to directly adopt their client’s position whenever filing something with the Court.

The major benefit of a bull dog/pit bull lawyer is that your voice will be directly conveyed to the judge. However, this strategy can come with some downsides. Being overly aggressive without reason can lead to an award of legal fees at the end of the case against the person who hired the bull dog/pit bull lawyer. It can also drive up your legal bill.

Confrontational without purpose is a bad thing from the Court’s perspective. The Court ultimately wants reasonable settlement discussion without all cases going to trial.

Divorce Lawyer Two: The Negotiator

A negotiator type of lawyer is focused on gaining every strategic advantage they can through settlement negotiation and smart use of court procedures. This type of lawyer focuses on sending well drafted settlement proposals which are designed to get the parties talking.

The major benefit of a negotiator type of lawyer is that their main focus is getting you the best possible result. The negotiator sets their sights on the most likely outcome and tries to get a resolution as close to that as possible.

The downside of a negotiator type of lawyer is that they may not engage in the aggressive and confrontational strategies of a bull dog/pit bull lawyer. They may also try to avoid active litigation if they don’t feel it advances the case.

Divoce Lawyer Three: The Litigator

The last major type of divorce lawyer is the litigator. They often drive up the cost of a divorce case by taking most issues directly to the Court without substantial settlement discussions. The purpose of driving up the cost may force the other side to the negotiation table to resolve the case or may catch them in a legal problem that adversely impacts their case.

The major benefit of a litigation focused divorce lawyer is that they often are well versed in legal procedure and spend a substantial amount of time in the Court room. The major downside is that their services often cost a substantial amount of money and the case may take longer to resolve.

What Type of Divorce Lawyer is Best For You?

Every lawyer has different strategies on how they view divorce cases. Some lawyers may take strategies from any one of the above styles to create their own style. At the end of the day, the best lawyer for you is the one that you feel the most comfortable with based upon your own style. It is a bad idea to hire a lawyer that has a different style than your own. The main reason to hire a lawyer is to trust in their presentation of your case and professional judgment.

Having a mismatch of personalities can result in delayed results and bad case outcomes. If you are looking for a divorce lawyer, make sure you ask questions of your lawyer as to what kind of lawyer they are and what strategies are available in your specific case. That way you can make an informed decision before you hire them.